Bias associated with using the estimated propensity score as a regression covariate

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Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

1. 1Confounding and Collapsibility in Causal Inference1999 · 950 citations
2. 2Flexible regression models with cubic splines1989 · 2,745 citations
3. 3Finite-Sample Properties of Propensity-Score Matching and Weighting Estimators2004 · 401 citations
4. 48. Misunderstandings Between Experimentalists and Observationalists About Causal Inference2008 · 88 citations
5. 5A comparison of the ability of different propensity score models to balance measured variables between treated and untreated subjects: a Monte Carlo study2006 · 1,146 citations