"A Knowledge–Based Approach to Systematization of Life Processes"

A simple, nine–scale model of living systems consisting of five material scales, three knowledge scales, and one energy scale is introduced. It is shown that a systematic stratification of biological knowledge provides new insights into understanding of the material and energy flow processes. The model allows for an objective mapping of the knowledge–based genetic, epigenetic, and supragenetic spaces of different material scales that can also be approximated as an organizing principle.