Effects of plyometric jump training on bone mass in adolescent girls

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 9 months of plyometric jump training on bone mineral content (BMC), lower extremity performance, and static balance in adolescent girls (aged 14.6 +/- 0.5 yr; 22.7 +/- 14.0 months past menarche). METHODS: Exercisers (N = 25) trained 30-45 min, three times per week, performing various exercises using weighted vests (squats, lunges, calf raises) and plyometrics (hopping, jumping, bounding, and box depth jumps). The program was designed to load the lower extremities. Controls (N = 28), matched to exercisers for age and months past menarche, maintained their usual activities. The following were assessed at baseline and 9 months: BMC, strength by isokinetic dynamometry, power (Wingate), and static balance. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences between groups for BMC, nor were the changes in anthropometric or performance variables, analyzed by MANOVA, significant. In follow-up analyses, t-tests for independent samples revealed that both groups experienced a significant (P < 0.01) increase in percent change in bone mass compared to zero, for the whole body (mean: 3.7% exercisers, 3.6% controls), femoral neck (4.5% vs 2.4%), lumbar spine (L2-4) (6.6% vs 5.3%), and femoral shaft (3.4% vs 2.3%), but only the exercisers improved BMC of the greater trochanter (3.1% vs 1.9%). Furthermore, the exercise group significantly improved knee extensor strength (14.7% vs 7.3%) and medial/lateral balance (38.1% vs 9.5%), whereas the control group demonstrated no changes. The variety of lateral movement activities performed by the exercise group may have contributed to the differences observed between groups for greater trochanter bone mineral density (BMD), leg strength, and medial/lateral balance. CONCLUSION: The trends observed in bone mass between groups suggest that plyometric jump training continued over a longer period of time during adolescent growth may increase peak bone mass.