Ca²⁺ mishandling in heart failure: Potential targets

Ca 2+ mishandling is a common feature in several cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure (HF). In many cases, impairment of key players in intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis has been identified as the underlying mechanism of cardiac dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias associated with HF. In this review, we summarize primary novel findings related to Ca 2+ mishandling in HF progression. HF research has increasingly focused on the identification of new targets and the contribution of their role in Ca 2+ handling to the progression of the disease. Recent research studies have identified potential targets in three major emerging areas implicated in regulation of Ca 2+ handling: the innate immune system, bone metabolism factors and post‐translational modification of key proteins involved in regulation of Ca 2+ handling. Here, we describe their possible contributions to the progression of HF.