Asymmetric dimethylarginine mediates oxidative stress and atrial remodeling in HL-1 cells

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) promotes atrial remodeling in HL-1 cells. (A) The viability of HL-1 cells was evaluated under varying ADMA concentrations (0, 3, 10, 30, 50, 100 μM). (B) Representative images and a comparison of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) protein levels from western blots in six groups. n = 3 per group. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using One-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post-hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the normol control group.

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  FIGURE 2. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) promotes oxidative stress in HL-1 cells. (A) Representative images and a comparison of p47phox protein levels from western blots in six groups. n = 5 per group. (B,C) The representative images and quantification of ROS in six groups. n = 5 per group. scale bar = 50 μm. (D) Flow cytometry was utilized to detect ROS levels in HL-1 cells treated with different concentrations of ADMA. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using One-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post-hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the normol control group.

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  FIGURE 3. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) promotes atrial remodeling by facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. (A) The level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was evaluated under varying H2O2 concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50 μM). n = 5 per group. (B) The representative images and quantification of TGF-β1 in six groups. n = 5 per group. (C) Flow cytometry was utilized to detect ROS levels in HL-1 cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s post-hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the normol control group.

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  FIGURE 4. Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients promotes the expression of serum Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). (A) The level of ADMA was evaluated between AF patients and controls. (B) The level of TGF-β1was evaluated between AF patients and controls. (C) The level of nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated between AF patients and controls. Data are presented as mean ± SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s post-hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the normol control group.