Studies in Congestive Heart Failure

5 patients with cardiac disease (4 with hypertensive heart disease, 1 with rheumatic heart disease and mitral stenosis; 4 with history of decompensation) and 3 healthy male control subjects (ages 24, 25, 29). Total n=8.

Exercise testing (stair-climbing and standing-running)

Healthy normal subjects performing the same exercise

Respiratory exchange (oxygen intake, oxygen debt, oxygen requirement, carbon dioxide excretion, and minute ventilation) during and after exercisesurrogate