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Examines how warning signals affect shock responses in rats, indicating timing's importance.
The autonomic response (galvanic skin response) to a noxious stimulus (shock) is reduced when the stimulus is preceded by a warning signal. The greatest reduction, 53 percent, was obtained with a warning interval of 1 second. Warning also reduces variance of the response over trials, a decrease of over 90 percent for the optimum 1-second interval.
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David T. Lykken (1962) studied this question.
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