A rare pediatric case of left ventricular outflow tract infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Central MessageA rare pediatric presentation of infectious endocarditis in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy necessitating surgery to address both pathologies.See Commentaries on pages 283, 285, and 286. A rare pediatric presentation of infectious endocarditis in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy necessitating surgery to address both pathologies. See Commentaries on pages 283, 285, and 286. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare complication in adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)—incidence of 1.4 to 3.8 per 1000 person-years—most commonly involving the mitral valve.1Spirito P. Rapezzi C. Bellone P. Betocchi S. Autore C. Conte M.R. et al.Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, incidence, and indications for antibiotic prophylaxis.Circulation. 1999; 99: 2132-2137Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar,2Louahabi T. Drighil A. Habbal R. Azzouzi L. Infective endocarditis complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006; 7: 468Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar Although infrequent, HCM patients are at increased risk of developing IE with or without left ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOTO).1Spirito P. Rapezzi C. Bellone P. Betocchi S. Autore C. Conte M.R. et al.Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, incidence, and indications for antibiotic prophylaxis.Circulation. 1999; 99: 2132-2137Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar,3Dominguez F. Ramos A. Bouza E. Munoz P. Valerio M.C. Farinas M.C. et al.Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.Medicine. 2016; 95: 26Crossref Scopus (6) Google Scholar The true incidence of IE is unknown in children with HCM. We report an unusual case of a 15-year-old girl with HCM and severe LVOTO, who developed IE within the LVOT/subaortic region. Due to systemic embolization and persistent fever, she underwent surgical intervention to address both IE and pre-existing LVOTO. Consent to publish was obtained from the patient's parents. The patient was diagnosed with HCM, trivial aortic insufficiency (AI), and mild LVOTO at age 11 years. Her LVOTO was progressive with peak velocity 4.9 to 5.5 m/s, peak gradient 96 to 121 mm Hg, and mild mitral regurgitation (MR). She was prescribed a beta-blocker, and a subcutaneous defibrillator was implanted at age 13 years following an episode of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. She was admitted after 2 weeks of fever following extensive dental work. She did not receive prophylactic antibiotics per current recommendations.4Guler A. Aung S.M. Cakal B. Karabay C.Y. Guler Y. Kirma C. Infective endocarditis complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: is antibiotic prophylaxis really unnecessary?.Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013; 9: 308-309Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar She was diagnosed with IE based on positive blood cultures (Streptococcus viridans) and echocardiographic evidence of a 1.8-cm crescent-shaped vegetation within the distal LVOT. Despite intravenous antibiotics, she experienced persistent fever and developed Osler's nodes and a splenic infarct. Due to septic emboli and lack of source control, she underwent surgical intervention. Her preoperative transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated a vegetation, severe LVOTO (peak gradient, 81 mm Hg; peak velocity; 4.5 m/s), and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with moderate MR (Figure 1, A). An extensive septal myectomy was performed, including excision of the vegetation (Figure 2) below the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve via oblique aortotomy. The vegetation did not involve the aortic valve. Postbypass echocardiogram demonstrated no vegetation, but only mildly improved gradient (peak gradient, 49 mm Hg; peak velocity, 3.5 m/s). Cardiopulmonary bypass was resumed to perform further septal myectomy. Postbypass transesophageal echocardiogram after the second bypass run demonstrated a significant improvement in LVOTO (peak gradient, 21 mm Hg; peak velocity, 2.3 m/s), decreased systolic anterior motion, trivial central AI, and trivial MR (Figure 1, B). Despite residual muscle mass, this improvement in LVOT gradient was deemed acceptable because it was less than a threshold peak gradient of 30 mm Hg.Figure 2Excised, friable subaortic vegetation specimen measuring 1.8 cm consistent with infectious endocarditis in a patient with concomitant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) On postoperative day 10, she was discharged home on a 6-week course of intravenous antibiotics, with an uneventful recovery. At 3-month follow-up, she is doing well. Postoperative 3-month echocardiograph showed mild acceleration through the LVOT (peak gradient, 23 mm Hg; peak velocity, 2.4 m/s), trivial-mild AI, and no evidence of recurrent endocarditis. Although the literature contains case reports and small series describing this rare manifestation of IE in adults with HCM,3Dominguez F. Ramos A. Bouza E. Munoz P. Valerio M.C. Farinas M.C. et al.Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.Medicine. 2016; 95: 26Crossref Scopus (6) Google Scholar, 4Guler A. Aung S.M. Cakal B. Karabay C.Y. Guler Y. Kirma C. Infective endocarditis complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: is antibiotic prophylaxis really unnecessary?.Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013; 9: 308-309Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 5Sims J.R. Anavekar N.S. Bhatia S. O'Horo J.C. Geske J.B. Chandrasekaran K. et al.Clinical, radiographic, and microbiologic features of infective endocarditis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol. 2018; 121: 480-484Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar this case (Video 1) highlights that in the current era pediatric patients with HCM are also at risk for IE and that timely surgical intervention can effectively treat both pathologies simultaneously. https://www.jtcvstechniques.org/cms/asset/815814e8-e99a-4d02-95fc-3c320471b38b/mmc1.mp4Loading ... Download .mp4 (102.56 MB) Help with .mp4 files Video 1A rare pediatric case of infectious endocarditis in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30530-7/fulltext.