The performance of dipole charge density mapping integrated with robotic magnetic navigation in the treatment of atrial tachycardias

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1. – EGMs and propagation history map (SPM). Spread EGM signals from 48 electrodes during single position mapping are shown in panel A. Stacked EGM signals are shown in panel B. Single position isochronal map is shown in panel C

• 

  Fig. 2. – SPM for brief episodes of AT. Patient with short-runs of AT present on ECG (on the left). Single beat single position map was acquired (right) and identified a focal firing source nearby the base of right atrial appendage (RAA)

• 

  Fig. 3. – SPM versus AMPM. Two separate cases of AT, both mapped with SPM and AMPM, too. In Panel A the SPM shows the exit of the isthmus, the propagation in CCW direction and no retrograde conduction because of the line, which contains the isthmus. However, the signal of the isthmus itself (conduction through the isthmus) is only visible on the AMPM. In panel B the SPM isochronal map shows less detail (circle), compared to the AMPM on the right, the yellow arrow shows a more detailed localization

• 

  Fig. 4. – Ablation targets. Panel A-Exact localization of the identified targets are presented on a schematic atrial illustration as red stars anterior and posterior view. Biatrial schema is divided into 7 regions. Region 1 indicating the left pulmonary veins and left appendage; region 2, right pulmonary veins and posterior interatrial groove; region 3, inferior and posterior left atrium; region 4, upper half of right atrium and RAA; region 5, lower half of right atrium; region 6, anterior left atrium and roof; and region 7, anterior interatrial groove. Panel B-Mechanism and localization of AT sources. SVC = superior vena cava, IVC = inferior vena cava, TV = tricuspid valve, RSPV = right superior pulmonary vein, LSPV = left superior pulmonary vein, LIPV = left inferior pulmonary vein, LAA = left atrial appendage, MV = mitral valve, RA = right atrium, LA = left atrium