100% renewable energy Italy: A vision to achieve full energy system decarbonisation by 2050

This paper explores the potential for a 100% renewable energy system in Italy by 2050, investigating alternative strategies to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors and provide system flexibility. The aim is to evaluate implications, reciprocal effects and synergies between these strategies. The outcomes demonstrate the potential of power-to-X technologies in balancing non-dispatchable generation and reducing biomass consumption. Around 90% of electricity production can come from photovoltaics and onshore and offshore wind. Energy savings, district heating deployment along with electrification of building stock and light transport, by means of heat pumps and electric vehicles, have been considered as key measures. Different application strategies for alternative fuels, such as hydrogen, biofuels and electrofuels, in heavy-duty transport and industry have a significant impact on the configuration of the entire energy system. In scenarios with high hydrogen demand, the power-to-gas strategy allows less reliance on electricity storage systems. Biomass availability emerges as a critical factor, affecting the sustainability of the energy system. A highly flexible demand-side approach offers energy and economic advantages. This study demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of a carbon neutral energy system in Italy, while acknowledging the challenges towards the full decarbonisation and emphasising the importance of integrated energy planning.