The lived experiences of female only-child caregivers in transnational settings

Background China’s One-Child Policy created only-child daughters solely responsible for aging parents. For those abroad, caregiving is further complicated by distance, immigration rules, and cultural expectations. Little is known about how these women manage cross-border caregiving. Objectives This study examines the experiences of only-child Chinese daughters in the United States as they care for aging parents across borders. Methods Guided by the Meaning-Making Model, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 married, only-child daughters aged 30–45. Each had provided remote care for at least one year. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Three central findings emerged. First, caregivers redefined what it means to be present, capable, and filial, compensating for physical distance with increased attentiveness, emotional availability, and reciprocal support. Second, these women experienced and managed conflicting emotions, balancing their personal goals with deeply held filial expectations. Third, uncertainty and anticipatory grief strongly influenced their decisions on traveling, career advancement, citizenship choices, and care arrangements, highlighting how planning for future needs is an ongoing, emotionally charged process. Conclusions Transnational caregiving among only-child Chinese daughters is both emotionally complex and shaped by cultural expectations. This study introduces anticipatory caregiving to describe the future-oriented emotional and logistical work that defines long-distance care. These insights show that transnational caregiving is not just a set of tasks. It is a unique psychological and cultural experience that demands new, tailored support.