Existing research on iron smelting sites from the Han to Song Dynasties in southeastern Guangxi has focused on metallurgical technology analysis, but geographic information system-based analysis remains limited. To address this gap, this study examines spatial distribution, clustering patterns, and natural controls of iron smelting sites and clarifies the coupling relationship between spatial patterns and the evolution of bloomery iron smelting and cast iron smelting technology. This study examines 38 iron smelting sites using a geographic database that integrates kernel density estimation, Thiessen polygons, and geographic detectors to reveal spatial patterns and driving factors. Results show that: (1) two smelting technologies existed in the region (bloomery iron and cast iron); (2) sites exhibit a three-centre cluster, with the highest density in Pingnan County; (3) lithology was the primary controlling factor, followed by contour density, relief, elevation, and soil properties; (4) shaft furnaces existed in favourable geotechnical conditions and transport access; small-scale furnaces are controlled by ore availability, with additional cultural and safety influences. This study reveals the spatial heterogeneity and key factors of iron smelting sites in southeastern Guangxi, providing quantitative support for Lingnan metallurgical archaeology, human–environment relations, and dissemination of Maritime Silk Road technology.
Liu et al. (Mon,) studied this question.