Sporoderm Disruption Reshapes the Chemical Characteristics and Enhances the Mitochondrial Protective Activity of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Polysaccharides via SIRT1/AMPK Signaling

Ganoderma lucidum spores are widely consumed natural functional materials; however, the influence of sporoderm disruption on the physicochemical characteristics and biological performance of spore polysaccharides remains insufficiently understood. In this study, polysaccharides extracted from intact spores (GLSP-I) and sporoderm-broken spores (GLSP-SB) were systematically compared to clarify how industrial processing affects their physicochemical properties and cytoprotective activity. Chemical characterization demonstrated that sporoderm disruption increased extraction yield and modified molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition, and spectroscopic features without fundamentally altering the polysaccharide backbone. Both polysaccharide fractions alleviated TBHP-induced oxidative injury, whereas GLSP-SB exhibited enhanced cytoprotective efficacy. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that GLSP-SB regulated a broader set of proteins associated with mitochondrial organization, oxidative stress response, autophagy, and cellular energy metabolism. Functional assays further showed that GLSP-SB promoted mitochondrial biogenesis, restored ATP production, and maintained mitochondrial morphology under oxidative stress conditions. Mechanistic validation demonstrated activation of the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway, indicating that modulation of this pathway contributes to mitochondrial adaptive responses. These findings suggest that sporoderm disruption reshapes polysaccharide characteristics and is associated with enhanced mitochondrial protective activity, providing mechanistic insight into the rational processing and functional utilization of G. lucidum spore products.