Geometrically Efficient Sensor Placement for Enhanced Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Spatial Arrangement Algorithms

Sensor placement is important for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to obtain high coverage and energy efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid sensor deployment approach, in which circle packing theory is combined with an energy‐efficient clustering algorithm (LEACH‐C) for enhanced sensor coverage and energy efficiency. The proposed scheme is based on leveraging the geometric compactness of hexagonal spatial arrangements to decrease redundancy and communication overhead rather than conventional region‐based or metaheuristic‐based approaches. By applying LEACH‐C clustering, the network lifetime is improved via load balancing between nodes. Based on extended statistical and simulation‐based data, this approach shows better performance than classical placement methods in coverage efficiency, network longevity, and scalability. This method allows connecting geometric deployment models and practical applications of WSN while providing a scalable foundation for smart cities, environmental monitoring, and industrial automation applications.