Improving Emotion Regulation Through Real-Time Neurofeedback Training on the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Evidence From Behavioral and Brain Network Analyses

Figures

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  Figure 1. Experimental design. (A) The full experimental procedure of each participant. (B) The visual feedback interface of the real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback (rt-fNIRS-nf) training to participants. (C) Each dot corresponds to a channel, and channel 4 is the target channel.

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  Figure 2. Axial (center) and left (L)- and right (R)-hemisphere sagittal views of the regions of interest (ROIs) for the resting-state functional connectivity in the emotion regulation network (ERN; A) resting-state functional connectivity between the ERN and the bilateral amygdala (B) and in the frontoparietal brain network (FPN; C). Each region of interest was placed in a 5-mm sphere around the center coordinates of peak activation for each discrete cluster within the left- and right- hemispheres. The purple spheres represent the ROIs within the ERN, orange spheres represent the bilateral amygdala (A,B), and blue spheres represent the ROIs within the FPN (C).

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  Figure 3. (A) The graph shows the emotional rating of the NF and Sham groups at the pretest of the emotion regulation (ER) task. The figures represent the changes in emotional experience in the Regulate and Attend conditions (B,C). The rsFC was significantly enhanced within the ERN (D) and between the ERN and the left amygdala (E) in the NF group, but not the sham group, across rt-fNIRS-nf training. (F) The picture represents the changes in rsFC within the FPN in the NF and Sham groups across rt-fNIRS-nf training. ***p < 0.001.