Well-being among minority entrepreneurs: associations between resource appraisal patterns and emotional states

Purpose While entrepreneurship is widely recognized for its economic contributions, few studies have examined its contribution to fostering happiness as a direct outcome, especially under severe constraints. Guided by conservation of resources (COR) and job demands–resources (JD–R) perspectives, this study aims to examine how patterns of resource appraisal are associated with entrepreneurs’ emotional states. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a multiple-case study in Vietnam (3 entrepreneurs with disabilities; 4–5 repeated interviews each; 60–90 min) and applied cognitive–emotional mapping and timeline analysis, then matched emergent mechanisms to COR and JD–R frameworks. Findings A non-resource fixation pattern – evaluating an object or situation through a single or few constrained elements – was associated with negative states aligned with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (exhaustion, cynicism/depersonalization and inefficacy). In contrast, a multi-dimensional appraisal pattern-recognizing multiple facets of constraints and resources and exploring alternative combinations was associated with positive affect and reported well-being. Research limitations/implications The study is based on a limited number of cases within specific socio-cultural contexts. Future research should test the proposed framework across a broader range of settings, including different organizational types, sectors and levels of adversity, to validate its applicability. Practical implications Appraisal-focused training and job-crafting interventions may rebalance demands–resources by shifting entrepreneurs from non-resource fixation to multi-dimensional appraisal. Social implications Programs supporting minority entrepreneurs with disabilities can incorporate appraisal reframing to enhance both capability development and well-being. Originality/value The study links resource appraisal patterns to emotional trajectories under constraint, showing how subjective interpretations of adversity are associated with both resource development strategies and well-being. It positions happiness as an integral, co-constructed outcome of entrepreneurial activity under constraint and offers a micro-process account that integrates COR and JD–R perspectives.