Particle image velocimetry (PIV) as a measurement system has been reviewed in this article. The acceptance of PIV as the utmost quantitative flow measurement technique is located with historical developments of other flow visualization and measurement techniques. Progress in the three major components of PIV, illumination, imaging, and evaluation, is reviewed along with the evolution of PIV for improved spatial and temporal data extraction from the recorded images. We also comment on the sources of uncertainty in the measurements. The article further presents some of the latest developments in three-dimensional measurements and data processing techniques using PIV, such as the recently developed Agrawal decomposition. Finally, some suggestions on assembling a low- cost PIV system are provided.
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Khan et al. (2025) studied this question.
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