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This article presents basic principles and examples of spatial representations derived from the analysis of co-occurrence frequency data pertaining to bibliographic information elements, such as key words and citations, in research publications and patents. These bibliometric maps provide a means for communicating information on relational features of the science and technology (S&T) system—either for analytical or representational purposes. Characteristics of the main types ofbibliometric maps are outlined, and their potential for practical applications in S&T policy and research and development management are discussed. An emphasis is placed on more recent developments, in particular bibliometric maps produced by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) for depicting temporal changes in the S&T system. Three empirical examples ofsuch maps are presented with a focus on their application for impact assessment in both scientific as well as technological fields: (1) the emergence of new research topics in worldwide research on manufacturing technology, (2) changes in patterns of (inter)na tional collaboration within Dutch research on coal and coal products, and (3) the role of instruments in materials science.
Tijssen et al. (Tue,) studied this question.