Activation recovery interval imaging of premature ventricular contraction

Figures

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  Fig 1. Schematic diagram of ARI imaging and validation in PVC patients. (a): Experimental recordings include cross-sectional CT slices showing detailed heart geometry and torso boundaries, butterfly plot of multiple-channel ECGs and local activation time maps recorded during EP study. (b): Realistic heart-torso model (blue dots showing body surface electrodes). (c): Endocardial surface of ARI maps by applying ARI imaging. (d): ARI extraction of individual recording sites from unipolar electrograms. (e): Interpolated endocardial surface of ARI maps from CARTO system. 3D = 3-dimensional; ARI = activation recovery interval; CT = computed tomographic; ECG = electrocardiogram; EP = electrophysiology; LV = left ventricle; PVC = premature ventricular contraction; RV = right ventricle.

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  Fig 2. ARI extraction from unipolar electrograms. Top: Unipolar electrogram (M1) of a recording site. Middle: First derivative of the top panel. Bottom: Simultaneous recording of Lead II by CARTO system. Amplitude unit of recordings is mV, and time unit is second. ARI = activation recovery interval; PVC = premature ventricular contraction.

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  Fig 3. Results with recording sites covering a full chamber. First column: Imaged activation time maps. Second column: Endocardial surface of 3D ARI maps. Third column: Three cross section views of 3D ARI maps. Fourth column: Interpolated CARTO ARI maps. Yellow stars in the ARI maps represent the longest ARI sites. All the maps were color-coded from red to blue. 3D = 3-dimensional; ARI = activation recovery interval; CC = correlation coefficient; LE = localization error; LV = left ventricle; RV = right ventricle.

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  Fig 4. Results with fewer recording sites covering regional ventricles. The format is the same as in Fig 1. 3D = 3-dimensional; ARI = activation recovery interval; CC = correlation coefficient; LE = localization error; LV = left ventricle; max = maximum; min = minimum; RV = right ventricle.

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  Fig 5. Extracted ARI distribution from CARTO recorded unipolar electrograms (blue) and Imaged ARI distribution (black).

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  Fig 6. Scatter plot between normalized CARTO ARI and estimated ARI. Linear regression parameters are shown for the fitted line plotted.

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  Fig 7. Plots of CARTO-recorded Lead II of PVC beats from ten endocardial recording sites and ten analyzed PVC beats on body surface Lead II. PVC = Premature Ventricular Contraction.