Induction of permeability across endothelial cell monolayers by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) occurs via a tissue factor–dependent mechanism: relationship between the procoagulant and permeability effects of TNF

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has marked effects on permeability and procoagulant activity on tumor-associated neovasculature when used in isolation perfusion, the latter effect primarily mediated via induction of cell surface expression of tissue factor (TF) on endothelial tissue. However, the cellular events that result in rapid alterations in endothelial cell (EC) permeability after intravascular TNF administration in isolation perfusion are not well characterized. We demonstrate that short exposure intervals to TNF induces TF expression on ECs but has no effect on permeability as assessed by flux of Evans blue-bound albumin across confluent EC monolayers using a 2-compartment model under basal culture conditions. However, a rapid and significant increase in EC permeability occurred with TNF in the presence of factor VIII-deficient plasma. Permeability was induced only with luminal versus abluminal TNF exposure and was blocked by antithrombin III, TF pathway inhibitor, or anti-TF antibody cotreatment. These data indicate that EC surface expression of TF and extrinsic clotting factors are critical in augmenting capillary leak following intravascular TNF administration. Alterations in permeability were associated with intercellular gap formation at sites of down-regulation of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin expression, the primary endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule, and intracellular contraction and alignment of F-actin cytoskeletal elements. Rapid induction of TF by TNF may be the primary EC response that results in alterations in permeability and procoagulant activity observed following intravascular TNF administration in isolation perfusion.