The preparation of a bipolar ionic transistor based on a single hourglass-shaped nanopore with tailored surface charge is shown. The narrow opening of the pore was between 2 and 6 nm. The gate in our device and the device on/off behavior are controlled chemically by changing the surface charge on the pore walls. This was accomplished by changing pH and concentrations of the electrolyte.
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Kalman et al. (2008) studied this question.