Research advances in bioactive constituents and pharmacological activities of ark clams

Ark clam is a filter-feeding bivalve rich in various bioactive constituents and has a long history of food and medicinal use. Its core active components include proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, and trace elements, which exhibit multiple pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and anti-anemia effects. Modern research indicates that the antibacterial effects of ark clams are achieved through direct bactericidal and indirect bacteriostatic mechanisms; its antioxidant activity primarily relies on components like peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides; its antitumor activity targets various cancer cells and can exert effects through pathways such as inducing apoptosis and modulating immunity; and its immunomodulatory effects depend on the synergistic action of polysaccharides and functional proteins, among other components. Additionally, ark clams demonstrate significant effects in anti-anemia, intestinal protection, and anti-inflammatory actions. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and research directions for the further development and utilization of ark clams as a marine resource with both medicinal and edible value.