A scoping review mapping two decades of lymphatic filariasis–related lymphedema: clinical diversity, diagnostic variability, and programmatic implications

Lymphedema is a chronic, disabling condition that imposes profound physical, social, and economic consequences. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) remains its leading infectious cause worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite progress under the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF), the morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) pillar remains under-implemented and inconsistently documented. This scoping review synthesized two decades of evidence on the global distribution, anatomical spectrum, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for LF-associated lymphedema. Evidence on the effectiveness of MMDP and comparative outcomes was limited, and data from Africa and South America were notably sparse. Strengthening MMDP coverage indicators, such as self-care, hydrocelectomy, and morbidity registry integration, aligned with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2030 Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Roadmap, is essential to sustain LF elimination gains, reduce long-term disability, and ensure equitable post-elimination care.