A Conceptual Framework for E‐Learning in Developing Countries: A Critical Review of Research Challenges

Abstract This paper presents a critical review of research on challenges for e‐learning with a particular focus on developing countries. A comprehensive literature review including 60 papers on e‐learning challenges was undertaken for the purpose of understanding how to implement e‐learning in developing countries. Research questions were: what has existing research identified as the major challenges for e‐learning, and, what differences, if any, are there between developing countries and developed countries in this respect? The literature study found 278 papers which were condensed to 60 based on exclusion and inclusion criteria designed to find papers of best quality as well as papers that clearly investigated well‐defined challenges. The research found 30 specific challenges which were grouped into four categories, viz.: courses, individuals, technology and context. The overall conclusion is that these challenges are equally valid for both developed and developing countries; however in developing countries more papers focus on access to technology and context whereas in developed countries more papers concern individuals. A further finding is that most papers focus on one or two categories of challenges; few papers exhibit a comprehensive view. Because challenges are interrelated, based on the findings we propose a conceptual framework of emerging issues for e‐learning in developed and developing countries. The framework is useful to guide both practice and research.