Dynamic assessment of the tricuspid annulus in a healthy Asian population: A four‐dimensional echocardiography study

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. (A) Measurement of right ventricular geometry and function using 4D Auto RVQ; (B) Measurement of right atrial geometry and function using 4D Auto LAQ. ED, end diastole; EDV, end‐diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ES, end systole; ESV, end‐systolic volume; EV, emptying volume; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; SV, stroke volume; Vmax, maximal volume; Vmin, minimal volume; VpreA, volume before atrial contraction

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  FIGURE 2. Measurements of tricuspid annulus (TA) and tricuspid valve (TV) geometries and function using 4D Auto TVQ. (A) The aligned views of TA and TV. (B) Manual selections of the anatomical landmarks on the TA and TV. (C) 3D representation and quantitative analysis of TA and TV. (D) Measurements of TA during the cardiac cycle. LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle

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  FIGURE 3. 4DE quantitation of tricuspid annulus (TA) and tricuspid valve (TV) geometries. (A) Relative positions of the four‐chamber diameter, the two‐chamber diameter, the major diameter, and the minor diameter in relationship to the TA; (B) TA three‐dimensional area; (C) TA two‐dimensional area; (D) TA perimeter; (E) TA diameter; (F) TV max tenting height; (G) TV tenting volume

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  FIGURE 4. Individual values of tricuspid annulus parameters during the cardiac cycle. Horizontal lines represent median values. 2Ch, two‐chamber; 3D, three‐dimensional; 4Ch, four‐chamber

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  FIGURE 5. Individual values of BSA‐indexed tricuspid annulus parameters during the cardiac cycle. Horizontal lines represent median values or mean values, appropriately. 2Ch, two‐chamber; 3D, three‐dimensional; 4Ch, four‐chamber; BSA, body surface area

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  FIGURE 6. (A) TA 3D area changes during the cardiac cycle; (B) TA perimeter changes during the cardiac cycle; (C) TA diameters changes during the cardiac cycle; (D) TA sphericity index changes during the cardiac cycle. 3D, three‐dimensional; ED, end diastole; ES, end systole; LD, late diastole; MS, mid systole; TA, tricuspid annulus

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  FIGURE 7. Individual values of tricuspid annulus geometry parameters at end diastole in different sex groups. Horizontal lines represent median values. 2Ch, two‐chamber; 3D, three‐dimensional; 4Ch, four‐chamber

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  FIGURE 8. Individual values of BSA‐indexed tricuspid annulus geometry parameters at end diastole in different sex groups. Horizontal lines represent median values or mean values, appropriately. 2Ch, two‐chamber; 3D, three‐dimensional; 4Ch, four‐chamber; BSA, body surface area

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  FIGURE 9. Individual values of tricuspid annulus geometry parameters at end diastole in different age groups. Horizontal lines represent median values. 2Ch, two‐chamber; 3D, three‐dimensional; 4Ch, four‐chamber

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  FIGURE 10. Individual values of BSA‐indexed tricuspid annulus geometry parameters at end diastole in different age groups. Horizontal lines represent median values or mean values, appropriately. 2Ch, two‐chamber; 3D, three‐dimensional; 4Ch, four‐chamber; BSA, body surface area