Association between traffic reoffending and type of official points recovery course (partial, full, and court-mandated): Evidence from a three-year follow-up

• Three-year follow-up of official Spanish penalty point recovery courses using administrative data. • High recidivism observed (71.43% sanctions; 47.86% point loss). • Reoffending differed by course type, highest in partial and lowest in court-mandated courses. • Court-mandated courses showed lower sanctions and point losses than administrative courses. • Findings suggest that legal enforcement context may enhance deterrent effects beyond educational interventions alone.