Importance of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Applied to Congenital Heart Diseases in Pediatric Age: A Narrative Review

Figures

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  Figure 1. (A) 4-chamber cine SSFP image showing sinus venosus ASD (red arrow); (B) Angiographic reconstruction showing the right upper pulmonary artery draining into the superior vena cava (blue and yellow cross); (C) Basal short axis cine SSFP image; (D) sagittal RV three-chamber view showing perimembranous VSD (yellow arrow); (E) 4-chamber cine SSFP image showing aneurysmal formation of the basal septum involving adjacent septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve (white circle); (F) Sagittal cine SSFP image; and (G) MRA showing PDA: (arrow-heads). SSFP: steady-state free precession, ASD: atrial septal defect, RV: right ventricle, VSD: ventricular septal defect, PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.

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  Figure 2. Cine bSSFP image of D-TGA post-atrial switch operation using the Senning technique. The image shows the pulmonary veins (*) being redirected through the baffle into the right atrium and then to the subaortic positioned sRV.

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  Figure 3. Cine bSSFP image of D-TGA following an atrial switch operation using the Senning technique. This image illustrates the pathway of the systemic veins, with the superior vena cava (*) and the inferior vena cava (§) shown.

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  Figure 4. Reconstruction following angiographic sequences in TGA post-arterial switch operation. The image highlights a suprapulmonary stenosis (white arrows) at the level of the surgical suture of the switch with post-stenotic dilation.

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  Figure 5. D-TGA with pulmonary stenosis/atresia post-placement of the right ventricle to pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit. (A) shows a sagittal section, and (B) displays a transverse section, both highlighting the pulmonary conduit (marked with *).

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  Figure 6. Cine bSSFP image from a 15-year-old male with TOF, post complete correction and Melody valve implantation. The image shows significant migration of the Melody valve into the infundibulum (++).

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  Figure 7. Coronal Cine bSSFP image from a 12-year-old male TCPC with dextrocardia. The image illustrates two superior vena cava (*) and the external conduit (§).

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  Figure 8. Imaging from a 17-year-old male TCPC. (A) shows a coronal angiography image, while (B) presents a sagittal angiography image displaying a veno-venous fistula (marked with §) between the suprahepatic veins and the pulmonary veins.