Evolutionary Prevalence of the Electrostatic Switch Mechanism in P-type ATPases

-ATPase). An analysis of primary and tertiary protein structures suggests a potentially higher prevalence of the ESM in human P-type ATPases than previously thought. Evidence for the ESM was found on the N-terminus for the P1B, and P2C subfamilies of P-type ATPases, and on the C-terminus for the P2A and P5 subfamilies. In the case of the P4 family, evidence for the ESM was found on the N-terminus for some subfamilies and on the C-terminus for others. Evidence for the ESM has been identified in P-type ATPase subfamilies distributed in separate lineages of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that the ESM evolved multiple times independently.