Microkernels have been extensively studied over decades. However, IPC (Inter-Process Communication) is still a major factor of runtime overhead, where fine-grained isolation usually leads to excessive IPCs. The main overhead of IPC comes from the involvement of the kernel, which includes the direct cost of mode switches and address space changes, as well as indirect cost due to the pollution of processor structures.
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Mi et al. (2019) studied this question.
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