The Potential Protective Effects of Resveratrol Against Cabazitaxel-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of IVPG measurement derived from image analysis of CMME recordings obtained from the left apical four-chamber view using MATLAB software. Basal and mid-apical segmental IVPGs were determined based on the left ventricular (LV) segmentation rule, with one-third assigned to the basal region and two-thirds to the mid-apical region

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  Fig. 2. Body weight changes across experimental groups after 28 days of treatment. Scatter plot showing body weight gain or loss in the control, therapeutic CBZ, toxic CBZ, and toxic CBZ + RES groups. Each point represents an individual animal, and horizontal lines indicate the mean ± SD (n = 5 per group). Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

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  Fig. 3. Weekly food consumption across experimental groups during the 28-day treatment period following each cabazitaxel (CBZ) injection. Food intake was recorded weekly in the control, therapeutic CBZ, toxic CBZ, and toxic CBZ + RES groups. Each point represents an individual animal, and horizontal lines indicate the mean ± SD (n = 5 per group). Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

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  Fig. 4. Scatter plots of heart weight (HW) and body weight (BW) measurements across the experimental groups at the end of the study period. (a) HW and (b) BW. Each point represents an individual animal, and horizontal lines indicate the mean ± SD (n = 5 per group). Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

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  Fig. 5. Scatter plots of hematological parameters across the experimental groups after the treatment period: a red blood cell count (RBCs), b hemoglobin concentration (Hb), c hematocrit (HCT), and d platelet count (PLT). Each point represents an individual animal, and data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for each group (n = 5 per group). Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

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  Fig. 6. Scatter plots of intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG) indices across the experimental groups at the end of the experimental period: a total IVPG, b mid-ventricular IVPG, and c mid-to-apical IVPG. Each point represents an individual animal, and data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for each group (n = 5 per group). Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

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  Fig. 7. Representative histopathological changes in cardiac tissue across experimental groups (H&E staining, scale bar = 200 μm). A The control group showed normal myocardial architecture with well-organized cardiac muscle fibers and no evident pathological alterations. B, C Toxic CBZ group demonstrating marked histopathological damage, including disrupted myocardial fibers, interstitial edema (yellow arrows), and prominent inflammatory cell infiltration (black arrow, inset). D The therapeutic CBZ group exhibited partial structural recovery, with reduced myocardial disorganization and decreased inflammatory infiltration compared to the toxic group. E RES-treated group showing near-normal myocardial architecture with minimal pathological alterations. For histopathological scoring, sections were evaluated in a semi-quantitative scale assessing mononuclear cell infiltration, interstitial edema, myocyte necrosis, and structural disorganization. Multiple randomly selected, non-overlapping fields per section were analyzed. Data are presented as mean ± SD of histological scores from nine sections per group. ** indicates statistically significant difference (p < 0.01)