The purpose of this study was to examine student engaged and non-engaged behaviors in mathematics class within various instructional activities. Students in the third, fifth and seventh grades were observed by trained observers once each minute throughout the course of a mathematics class on five different occasions. Data indicated that third and fifth grade teachers utilized seat work a majority of the time whereas the seventh grade employed a majority of teacher-led activities. In addition, as grade level increased, student engagement decreased.
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McIntyre et al. (1983) studied this question.