Traditional Chinese medicine as a promising choice for future control of PEDV

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Transmission routes of PEDV. (A) Structure diagram of PEDV. Different structural proteins of PEDV are distributed on the viral envelope (S protein, E protein and M protein) and N protein. (B) Direct transmission routes. The most common direct routes of transmission contains the fecal-oral route, fecal-nasal route, sexual transmission, and vertical transmission. (C) Indirect transmission routes. The common indirect routes of transmission include the farms with low biosecurity standards, transportation vehicles, production tools and clothing, contaminated feed and feed additives, and personnel management.

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  Fig. 2. The various control strategies for PEDV infection. The current methods for control PEDV include physical methods (A. e.g., cleaning transportation vehicles and pig farm environment, contaminated feed, etc.), chemical methods (B. e.g., application of disinfectant sprays and edible disinfectant chitosan), vaccination (C. e.g., inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, genetic engineering vaccines, live vector vaccines, and mRNA vaccines), antibody drugs (D. e.g., sIgA and IgY antibodies), anti-PEDV drugs (E. e.g., nucleoside analogs, interferons and antibiotics), other methods (F. e.g., antioxidant, detoxification, antibacterial, immune modulation, and gut microbiota).

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  Fig. 3. The summary of anti-PEDV mechanisms of different TCMs. TCMs play an antiviral role by inhibiting different stages of viral life cycle, and the key stages including viral attachment (A), viral entry (B), proteolysis, replication and translation (C), viral assembly (D) and viral release (E) were labeled from A to E, respectively. The antiviral modes of TCMs also by regulating the modulation of host factors, such as host immunity response (F), inflammation (G), ROS (H) and apoptosis (I).