Population
Substitute heart valves (mechanical, bioprosthetic, allograft, and polymeric)
Design
Review
Authors
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Valve selection requires balancing thrombosis, hemorrhage, and calcification risks; leaves open optimal anticalcification strategies pending validation.
This review highlights the primary pathological mechanisms of failure in contemporary substitute heart valves and outlines emerging strategies to mitigate bioprosthetic calcification.
Schöen et al. (1994) studied this question.