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This study attempts to explore the collaborations in solar cell science from the perspectives of science and technology, focusing on the productivity and citations of papers and patents. The study tries to find out: Is the trend of collaborations in papers increasing? Does the trend of collaborations work for patents? After thorough research, this study finds that although most papers and patents are collaborative efforts, the collaboration rate of paper is higher. At the same time, the collaboration in patents on an international scale is not active. The overall trends for the past 30 years show international collaborations have the best performance, but the performance for the single-authored papers is better in the recent period.
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Chen et al. (2010) studied this question.