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This study investigates the motivational disparities between male EFL learners in Korea experiencing Directed Motivational Currents (DMC; Dörnyei et al., 2016) and those who do not (non-DMCs), using sociocultural theory (SCT) as a theoretical framework. SCT posits that motivation is not a static trait but a socially and emotionally mediated process shaped by learners
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Yu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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