Pyridoxine supplementation confers protection against SGPL1 R222Q variant sphingosine phosphate lyase insufficiency syndrome

Abstract Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase insufficiency syndrome (SPLIS) is a rare condition causing nephrotic syndrome, neuropathy, and other manifestations. SPLIS is caused by mutations in SGPL1 , which encodes sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL), a pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme needed to degrade the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Supplementation with the PLP precursor pyridoxine benefits some individuals with PLP-dependent enzymopathies. We sought to establish whether pyridoxine has therapeutic activity in SPLIS. Neurological improvement, plasma S1P normalization, and increased SPL activity in patient-derived fibroblasts were observed after pyridoxine supplementation in a patient with R222Q-variant SPLIS. Additionally, PLP dose-dependently augmented recombinant R222Q-variant SPL activity. To further explore pyridoxine’s effects, gene editing was employed to create an R222Q-variant SPLIS mouse model. SPL R222Q mice fed pyridoxine-enriched chow lacked obvious phenotypes. However, SPL inactivation, S1P accumulation, wasting, anemia, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis developed in SPL R222Q but not WT mice fed chow with reduced pyridoxine. Ultrastructural analysis and super-resolution microscopy showed podocyte loss and foot process effacement. Transcriptional profiling revealed a pattern of cytokine upregulation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Inhibiting S1P production prevented nephrosis in SPL R222Q mice fed chow lacking pyridoxine. Our findings establish a novel SPLIS mouse model that recapitulates R222Q-variant SPLIS, demonstrates its responsiveness to pyridoxine, and implicates S1P in its pathophysiology.