Flash flood forecasting: What are the limits of predictability?

Flash floods may occur suddenly and be accompanied by other hazards such as landslides, mud flows, damage to infrastructure and even death. In the UK such events are comparatively rare occurring on average only once or twice per year. Warning systems must depend upon the accurate real‐time provision of rainfall information, high‐resolution numerical weather forecasts and the operation of hydrological model systems in addition to forecast delivery procedures not discussed in this paper. In this paper we review how flash floods are forecast considering the limitations and uncertainty involved in both the meteorological and hydrological aspects of forecasting systems. Data assimilation and the use of ensembles are both key elements across disciplines. Assessing the susceptibility of river catchments to extreme flooding is considered, and statistical methods of estimating the likelihood of extreme rainfall and floods within a changing climate are examined. Ways of constraining flash flood forecasts are noted as one way to improve forecast performance in the future.