Rotating-jaw traps (Conibear 280 and Sauvageau 2001-8, and mechanically improved models) failed to render irreversibly unconscious in < or = 3 min raccoons (Procyon lotor) immobilized with ketamine hydrochloride and struck in the head-neck region. It is unlikely that these traps, and the less powerful Conibear 220, have the potential to humanely kill raccoons.
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Proulx et al. (1994) studied this question.
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