Key result
Male sex and endurance sports linked to higher exercise ventilatory efficiency in elite athletes.
Why the study?
Limited information is available regarding exercise ventilatory efficiency during CPET in young elite athletes.
Cohort (n=443)
p-value: p=<0.001
In elite athletes, male sex and endurance sports are associated with higher ventilatory efficiency during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, which correlates with greater exercise tolerance.
May support sex- and sport-specific CPET norms in elite athletes; leaves open validation against outcomes or management.
Ventilatory efficiency during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is obtained by relating minute ventilation (V' E ) to CO 2 output (V'CO 2 ). Limited information is available regarding exercise ventilatory efficiency in young elite athletes. We assessed ventilatory efficiency in elite athletes; evaluating the influence of sex and/or ESC sport categories; evaluating the agreement between the V' E /V'CO 2 slope and nadir in measuring ventilatory efficiency; evaluating differences between subgroups of athletes stratified by ventilatory efficiency. A cohort of 443 elite athletes prospectively underwent CPET. The slope (s 1 ) and the intercept of the linear region of the V' E /V'CO 2 relationship, the V' E /V'CO 2 value at the lactate threshold and the V' E /V'CO 2 nadir were used to assess ventilatory efficiency. Male athletes and endurance athletes, both males and females, had higher exercise ventilatory efficiency ( p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between V' E /V'CO 2 s 1 and nadir ( p < 0.001). Of note, both high (V' E /V'CO 2 s 1 < 24) and very high (V' E /V'CO 2 s 1 < 22) levels of ventilatory efficiency were associated with greater exercise tolerance (i.e., peak oxygen uptake, maximal power; p < 0.001). The results of our study emphasize the need to include the measurement of ventilatory efficiency in the evaluation of elite athletes, potentially refining their training strategies.
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Squeo et al. (2025) conducted a cohort in Elite athletes (n=443). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) vs. Sex and ESC sport categories was evaluated on Ventilatory efficiency (V'E/V'CO2 slope and nadir) (p=<0.001). Male sex and endurance sport categories in elite athletes were associated with higher exercise ventilatory efficiency during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (p<0.001).
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