What Can the Retrospective Experiences of Autistic Women Reveal About Supporting Autistic or Potentially Autistic Girls in School? An Exploration of School Experiences Based on Diagnosis During or Post-School

Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that is often characterised by differences in social communication, sensory processes, and cognition. Due to the underdiagnosis of autism in women and girls, their voices are often missing from research, limiting our understanding of their experiences at school. This study addressed the gap around the factors which impacted women’s late and/or pre-diagnosed experiences of school by using semi-structured interviews with ten autistic women; among them, eight were diagnosed after school. The interviews were analysed through reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes and areas of insight were constructed from the data: (1) The impact of social norms on peer relationships. (2) We found ways of coping, but at what cost? (3) How schools could help someone like me. The findings show that all women in the study had negative school experiences, with diagnosis during school also being linked to identity and mental health difficulties. Schools should enhance pastoral support, foster positive relationships, improve communication, and use strengths-based approaches to improve outcomes for autistic girls. Proactively adopting neuroaffirming modifications may improve support during autistic girls’ formative years, leading to a lasting impact on their lives. This is particularly important for autistic girls, who face marginalisation on two levels: neurotypical expectations for females and stereotyped expectations of autism. The implications of these findings are discussed with suggestions for future research and practical implementations within mainstream school settings.