Fuel Combustion, Air Pollution Exposure, and Health: The Situation in Developing Countries

.. ........ .. .. . ...... . . ....... ....... ... .... 529 INTRODUCTION ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 WHERE IS AIR POLLUTION? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 An Example of the Power of Exposure Assessment: Coal Versus Tobacco . . . . 535 Exposure Effectiveness . . . . . .. ....... 538 GLOBAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ...... .... .... ...... ........ 539 Where, Then, Are the People? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Exposure Analysis ...... . . . ... ... ... ..... . .... .. . ... ..... 541 Trends During Development .... ...... ... .... . .. .... . .. ... ... 549 HEALTH EFFECTS .. ... .. . ... ......... . . ..... ... 55 1 Rural Indoor Exposures ... ... .... ... ... .. ..... ... . . . ..... .. 551 Urban Indoor Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Urban Outdoor Exposures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 APPENDIX: INTERNATIONAL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES ... .... 561