Multisite pacing and myocardial scars: a computational study

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a frequently effective treatment modality for dyssynchronous heart failure, however, 30% of patients do not respond, usually due to suboptimal activation of the left ventricle (LV). Multisite pacing (MSP) may increase the response rate, but its effect in the presence of myocardial scars is not fully understood. We use a computational model to study the outcome of MSP in an LV with scars in two different locations and of two different sizes. The LV was stimulated from anterior, posterior and lateral locations individually and in pairs, while a septal stimulation site represented right ventricular (RV) pacing. Intraventricular pressures were measured, and outcomes evaluated in terms of maximum LV pressure gradient (dP/dtmax)- change compared to isolated RV pacing. The best result obtained using various LV pacing locations included a combination of sites remote from scars and the septum. The highest dP/dtmax increase was achieved, regardless of scar size, using MSP with one pacing site located on the LV free wall opposite to the scar and one site opposite to the septum. These in silico modelling results suggest that making placement of pacing electrodes dependent on location of scarring, may alter acute haemodynamics and that such modelling may contribute to future CRT optimization.