Advances in Nanobots for Theranostic Applications in Cancer Treatment

Introduction: Nanobots are nanoscale constructs designed to integrate therapeutic and diagnostic functions. Their application in oncology offers opportunities for targeted delivery, imaging-guided therapy, and continuous monitoring of treatment response. Methods: A narrative review approach was applied. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using combinations of terms such as “nanobot,” “nanotheranostic,” “cancer therapy,” “liposomes,” “polymeric nanoparticles,” “dendrimers,” “metallic nanoparticles,” and “quantum dots.” Studies published between January 2019 and December 2024 were considered. Selection was based on relevance to design, synthesis, surface modification, imaging integration, therapeutic evaluation, and translational potential of nanobot systems. Results: Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles remain the most extensively studied nanobot platforms, offering versatility in drug loading and surface functionalization. Dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots provide additional theranostic capabilities through unique optical, magnetic, or structural properties. Preclinical and early clinical reports highlight enhanced tumor targeting, controlled release, and diagnostic feedback, though comparative data between platforms remain limited. Discussion: Nanobot-based theranostics demonstrate potential to improve cancer management by enabling precision delivery and simultaneous diagnostic readouts. However, variability in syn-thesis protocols, limited large-scale manufacturing strategies, and incomplete safety evaluations constrain clinical translation. More consistent characterization and standardized evaluation are needed. Conclusion: Nanobots represent a promising direction in cancer theranostics, combining therapy and diagnosis within a single system. Further interdisciplinary efforts are required to optimize design, ensure safety, and advance toward clinical adoption.