On October 7, 2023, the Israeli-Gaza conflict erupted, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries. The devastation extended far beyond immediate casualties, obliterating Gaza’s essential infrastructure, including buildings, universities, institutions, sewage systems, electricity and water networks, and health facilities. The conflict displaced hundreds of thousands of people in cramped coastal areas, living in makeshift nylon tents with no access to basic services. The absence of sanitation and the mounting piles of garbage between the tents, compounded by a stringent blockade, have left these communities without proper cleaning facilities.
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Zuhair et al. (2024) studied this question.
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