Clinical characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation suffering from pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation

Figures

• 

  Figure 1.. Three-dimensional model of left atrium of patient 1 during the second ablation indicated severe stenosis of left superior pulmonary vein (yellow triangle). LIPV, left inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein; RIPV, right inferior pulmonary vein.

• 

  Figure 2.. Electroanatomic map after ablation for atrial fibrillation in a patient without pulmonary vein stenosis during follow-up.

• 

  Figure 3.. Normal pulmonary vein before radiofrequency ablation in patient 1 (a), severe stenosis in left superior and left inferior pulmonary veins after ablation (b), stent implantation in the left superior and left inferior pulmonary veins (c), and restenosis 1 year after stent implantation (d). Red arrow indicates severe stenosis in left superior pulmonary vein after ablation; white arrows indicate restenosis after stent implantation.

• 

  Figure 4.. Severe stenosis in left superior and right superior pulmonary veins 7 months after RFCA in patient 2 (a) and left superior and right superior pulmonary veins after stent implantation (b).

• 

  Figure 5.. Severe stenosis in left superior and right superior pulmonary veins 7 months after radiofrequency ablation in patient 5 (a) and left superior and right superior pulmonary veins after stent implantation (b). Red arrow indicates close to occlusion of left superior pulmonary vein after ablation.