Effects of Red Palm Oil on Myocardial Antioxidant Enzymes, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Heart Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effect of dietary red palm oil (RPO) supplementation on the protein expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1. (A)) and superoxide dismutase 2; (SOD2. (B)) in the left ventricle of normotensive and hypertensive rats. WKYc—Wistar Kyoto control rats; WKYrpo—WKY treated with RPO; SHRc—Spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRrpo—SHR treated with RPO; Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 5 in each group; * p < 0.05 versus control rats (WKYc); # p < 0.05 WKY/SHR versus treated with RPO; A.U.—Arbitrary units.

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  Figure 2. Effect of dietary red palm oil (RPO) supplementation on the protein expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) in the left ventricle of normotensive and hypertensive rats. WKYc—Wistar Kyoto control rats; WKYrpo—WKY treated with RPO; SHRc—Spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRrpo—SHR treated with RPO; Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 5 in each group.

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  Figure 3. Effect of dietary red palm oil (RPO) on the nitric oxide synthase activity (NOS) in the left ventricle of normotensive and hypertensive rats. WKYc—Wistar Kyoto control rats; WKYrpo—WKY treated with RPO; SHRc—Spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRrpo—SHR treated with RPO. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 5 in each group; * p < 0.05 versus control rats (WKYc); # p < 0.05 WKY/SHR versus treated with RPO.

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  Figure 4. Effect of dietary red palm oil (RPO) supplementation on the coronary flow (CF) of WKY and SHR during stabilization and post ischemic reperfusion (Post. Isch. Rep). WKYc—Wistar Kyoto control rats; WKYrpo—WKY rats treated with RPO; SHRc—Spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRrpo—SHR treated with RPO; Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 6 in each group; * p < 0.05 versus control rats (WKYc); # p < 0.05 WKY/SHR versus treated with RPO; + p < 0.05 SHRc during stabilization versus SHRc during Post. Isch. Rep.

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  Figure 5. Effect of dietary red palm oil (RPO) supplementation on the heart rate of WKY and SHR during stabilization and post ischemic reperfusion (Post. Isch. Rep). WKYc—Wistar Kyoto control rats; WKYrpo—WKY treated with RPO; SHRc—Spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRrpo—SHR treated with RPO. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 6 in each group; * p < 0.05 versus control rats (WKYc); # p < 0.05 WKY/SHR versus treated with RPO; + p < 0.05 SHRc during stabilization versus SHRc during Post. Isch. Rep.

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  Figure 6. Effect of dietary red palm oil (RPO) supplementation on the contractile and relaxation function of left ventricle in WKY and SHR during stabilization and post ischemic reperfusion (Post. Isch. Rep). +dP/dt—the velocity of contraction (A); −dP/dt—the velocity of relaxation (B); WKYc—Wistar Kyoto control rats; WKYrpo—WKY treated with RPO; SHRc—Spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHRrpo—SHR treated with RPO. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 6 in each group; * p < 0.05 versus control rats (WKYc); # p < 0.05 WKY/SHR versus treated with RPO; + p < 0.05 SHRc during stabilization versus SHRc during Post. Isch. Rep.

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  Figure 7. Study design showing perfusion protocol.