State, society, and market: Interpreting the norms and dynamics of China's AI governance

This study challenges the prevailing perception of China's AI governance as a monolithic, state-driven model and instead presents a nuanced analysis of its complex governance landscape. Utilizing governance theories, we develop an analytical framework examining key governing nodes, tools, actors, and norms. Through case studies on minor protection and content regulation, this study demonstrates that Chinese AI governance involves a diverse array of stakeholders—including the state, private sector, and society—who co-produce norms and regulatory mechanisms. Contrary to conventional narratives, China's governance approach adapts existing regulatory tools to meet new challenges, balancing political, social, and economic interests. This study highlights how China has rapidly formalized AI regulations, in areas such as minor protection and content regulation, setting a precedent in global AI governance. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of AI regulation beyond ideological binaries and offer insights relevant to international AI policy discussions.