Determinants of Glycemic Control Among Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Salha Otaif,1,2 Ghareeb Bahari3 1Jazan Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 2Community, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; 3Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ghareeb Bahari, Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia, Email gbahari@ksu.edu.saPurpose: Poor glycemic control remains a major challenge and leads to complications among patients with diabetes. In this study, we aimed to identify strategies and factors contributing to improved glycemic control among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study used a convenience sample of 144 adults with diabetes who visited primary healthcare centers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that incorporated validated tools to assess multiple factors of glycemic control.Results: Among the 144 participants, only 41.6% achieved optimal HbA1c control, while 58.4% had suboptimal control, including 21.5% with very poor control. Physical activity levels were mostly low to moderate, and two-thirds of the participants reported poor medication adherence. Self-efficacy was moderate, with weaknesses in diet-related confidence. Physical activity was positively correlated with self-efficacy and negatively correlated with medication adherence. Similarly, self-efficacy was negatively associated with medication adherence. Glycemic control was weakly associated with these variables. Regression analysis identified duration since diagnosed with diabetes and medication adherence as significant factors of glycemic control, while self-efficacy and family support were strongly associated with physical activity.Conclusion: Glycemic control among patients with diabetes remains suboptimal. Targeted interventions that strengthen self-care, foster family support, and address behavioral barriers are essential for improving diabetes management and long-term health outcomes.