What Makes Groups Work? A Reflective Review in a Range of Contexts

The present paper summarises the findings of a review of the literature evaluating group programmes undertaken in a broad range of contexts. The aim of the present study was to identify key elements or principles related to the general question, what makes groups work? The present report includes a brief description of the underpinning theories of the groups in the study, the aims, various group design variables, outcomes and evaluation methodologies, followed by a discussion of key insights into what makes groups a beneficial medium in the human services field. It is suggested that quality of participation and constructivist elements in design and facilitation are key to effective outcomes in relation to individual participants and group goals. A framework for evaluating participation is tentatively put forward as a way of bringing together the disparate theories and perspectives that pervade the groups field.