The current landscape of Nipah virus vaccines: From antigen design to clinical translation

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus with pandemic potential and a case-fatality rate exceeding 70%. The absence of approved vaccines highlights an urgent prophylactic need. This review summarizes recent progress in NiV vaccine research, focusing on rational antigen design, delivery platforms, immunogenicity, protective efficacy and clinical translation. Multiple vaccine candidates have demonstrated robust protective efficacy in animal models, with four advancing to clinical trials. Furthermore, findings from NiV vaccine research will inform strategies to combat other emerging pandemic threats.